MemSQL scales out
The third of my three MySQL-oriented clients I alluded to yesterday is MemSQL. When I wrote about MemSQL last June, the product was an in-memory single-server MySQL workalike. Now scale-out has been added, with general availability today.
MemSQL’s flagship reference is Zynga, across 100s of servers. Beyond that, the company claims (to quote a late draft of the press release):
Enterprises are already using distributed MemSQL in production for operational analytics, network security, real-time recommendations, and risk management.
All four of those use cases fit MemSQL’s positioning in “real-time analytics”. Besides Zynga, MemSQL cites penetration into traditional low-latency markets — financial services (various subsectors) and ad-tech.
Highlights of MemSQL’s new distributed architecture start: Read more
Hadoop execution enhancements
Hadoop 2.0/YARN is the first big step in evolving Hadoop beyond a strict Map/Reduce paradigm, in that it at least allows for the possibility of non- or beyond-MapReduce processing engines. While YARN didn’t meet its target of general availability around year-end 2012, Arun Murthy of Hortonworks told me recently that:
- Yahoo is a big YARN user.
- There are other — paying — YARN users.
- YARN general availability is now targeted for well before the end of 2013.
Arun further told me about Tez, the next-generation Hadoop processing engine he’s working on, which he also discussed in a recent blog post:
With the emergence of Apache Hadoop YARN as the basis of next generation data-processing architectures, there is a strong need for an application which can execute a complex DAG [Directed Acyclic Graph] of tasks which can then be shared by Apache Pig, Apache Hive, Cascading and others. The constrained DAG expressible in MapReduce (one set of maps followed by one set of reduces) often results in multiple MapReduce jobs which harm latency for short queries (overhead of launching multiple jobs) and throughput for large-scale queries (too much overhead for materializing intermediate job outputs to the filesystem). With Tez, we introduce a more expressive DAG of tasks, within a single application or job, that is better aligned with the required processing task – thus, for e.g., any given SQL query can be expressed as a single job using Tez.
This is similar to the approach of BDAS Spark:
Rather than being restricted to Maps and Reduces, Spark has more numerous primitive operations, including map, reduce, sample, join, and group-by. You can do these more or less in any order.
although Tez won’t match Spark’s richer list of primitive operations.
More specifically, there will be six primitive Tez operations:
- HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) input and output.
- Sorting on input and output (I’m not sure why that’s two operations rather than one).
- Shuffling of input and output (ditto).
A Map step would compound HDFS input, output sorting, and output shuffling; a Reduce step compounds — you guessed it! — input sorting, input shuffling, and HDFS output.
I can’t think of much in the way of algorithms that would be logically impossible in MapReduce yet possible in Tez. Rather, the main point of Tez seems to be performance, performance consistency, response-time consistency, and all that good stuff. Specific advantages that Arun and I talked about included:
- The requirement for materializing (onto disk) intermediate results that you don’t want to is gone. (Yay!)
- Hadoop jobs will step on each other’s toes less. Instead of Maps and Reduces from unrelated jobs getting interleaved, all the operations from a single job will by default be executed in one chunk. (Even so, I see no reason to expect early releases of Tez to do a great job on highly concurrent mixed workload management.)
- Added granularity brings opportunities for additional performance enhancements, for example in the area of sorting. (Arun loves sorts.)
| Categories: Databricks, Spark and BDAS, Hadoop, Hortonworks, MapReduce, Workload management, Yahoo | 14 Comments |
YCSB benchmark notes
Two different vendors recently tried to inflict benchmarks on me. Both were YCSBs, so I decided to look up what the YCSB (Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark) actually is. It turns out that the YCSB:
- Was developed by — you guessed it! — Yahoo.
- Is meant to simulate workloads that fetch web pages, including the writing portions of those workloads.
- Was developed with NoSQL data managers in mind.
- Bakes in one kind of sensitivity analysis — latency vs. throughput.
- Is implemented in extensible open source code.
That actually sounds pretty good, especially the extensibility part;* it’s likely that the YCSB can be useful in a variety of product selection scenarios. Still, as recent examples show, benchmark marketing is an annoying blight upon the database industry.
*With extensibility you can test your own workloads and do your own sensitivity analyses.
A YCSB overview page features links both to the code and to the original explanatory paper. The clearest explanation of the YCSB I found there was: Read more
| Categories: Aerospike, Benchmarks and POCs, NewSQL, NoSQL, NuoDB, OLTP, Yahoo | 19 Comments |
Introduction to Spark, Shark, BDAS and AMPLab
UC Berkeley’s AMPLab is working on a software stack that:
- Is meant (among other goals) to improve upon Hadoop …
- … but also to interoperate with it, and which in fact …
- … uses significant parts of Hadoop.
- Seems to have the overall name BDAS (Berkeley Data Analytics System).
The whole thing has $30 million in projected funding (half government, half industry) and a 6-year plan (which they’re 2 years into).
Specific projects of note in all that include:
- Mesos, a cluster manager. I don’t know much about Mesos, but it seems to be in production use, most notably at Twitter supporting Storm.
- Spark, a replacement for MapReduce and the associated execution stack.
- Shark, a replacement for Hive.
| Categories: ClearStory Data, Databricks, Spark and BDAS, Hadoop, MapReduce, Parallelization, Specific users, SQL/Hadoop integration | 10 Comments |
ParAccel update
In connection with Amazon’s Redshift announcement, ParAccel reached out, and so I talked with them for the first time in a long while. At the highest level:
- ParAccel now has 60+ customers, up from 30+ two years ago and 40ish soon thereafter.
- ParAccel is now focusing its development and marketing on analytic platform capabilities more than raw database performance.
- ParAccel is focusing on working alongside other analytic data stores — relational or Hadoop — rather than supplanting them.
There wasn’t time for a lot of technical detail, but I gather that the bit about working alongside other data stores:
- Is relatively new.
- Works via SELECT statements that reach out to the other data stores.
- Is called “on-demand integration”.
- Is built in ParAccel’s extensibility/analytic platform framework.
- Uses HCatalog when reaching into Hadoop.
Also, it seems that ParAccel:
- Is in the early stages of writing its own analytic functions.
- Bundles Fuzzy Logix and actually has some users for that.
| Categories: Amazon and its cloud, Cloud computing, Data warehousing, Hadoop, Market share and customer counts, ParAccel, Predictive modeling and advanced analytics, Specific users | 5 Comments |
Notes on Microsoft SQL Server
I’ve been known to gripe that covering big companies such as Microsoft is hard. Still, Doug Leland of Microsoft’s SQL Server team checked in for phone calls in August and again today, and I think I got enough to be worth writing about, albeit at a survey level only,
Subjects I’ll mention include:
- Hadoop
- Parallel Data Warehouse
- PolyBase
- Columnar data management
- In-memory data management (Hekaton)
One topic I can’t yet comment about is MOLAP/ROLAP, which is a pity; if anybody can refute my claim that ROLAP trumps MOLAP, it’s either Microsoft or Oracle.
Microsoft’s slides mentioned Yahoo refining a 6 petabyte Hadoop cluster into a 24 terabyte SQL Server “cube”, which was surprising in light of Yahoo’s history as an Oracle reference.
Hadoop YARN — beyond MapReduce
A lot of confusion seems to have built around the facts:
- Hadoop MapReduce is being opened up into something called MapReduce 2 (MRv2).
- Something called YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator) is involved.
- One purpose of the whole thing is to make MapReduce not be required for Hadoop.
- MPI (Message Passing Interface) was mentioned as a paradigmatic example of a MapReduce alternative, yet the MPI/YARN/Hadoop effort is somehow troubled.
- Cloudera shipped YARN in June, yet simultaneously warned people away from actually using it.
Here’s my best effort to make sense of all that, helped by a number of conversations with various Hadoop companies, but most importantly a chat Friday with Arun Murthy and other Hortonworks folks.
- YARN, as an aspect of Hadoop, has two major kinds of benefits:
- The ability to use programming frameworks other than MapReduce.
- Scalability, no matter what programming framework you use.
- The YARN availability story goes:
- YARN is in alpha.
- YARN is expected to be in production at year-end, give or take.
- Cloudera made the marketing decision to include YARN in its June Hadoop distribution release anyway, but advised that it was for experimentation rather than production.
- Hortonworks, in its own June release, only shipped code it advised putting into production.
- My take on the YARN/MPI story goes something like this:
- Numerous people have told me of YARN/MPI delays.
- One person suggested that Greenplum is taking the lead in YARN/MPI integration, but has gotten slow and reclusive, apparently due to some big company-itis.
- I find that credible because of the Greenplum/SAS/MPI connection.
- If I understood Arun correctly, the latency story on Hadoop MapReduce is approximately:
- Arun says that Hadoop’s reputation for taking 10s of seconds to start a Hadoop job is old news. It takes a low single-digit number of seconds.
- However, starting all that Java does take 100s of milliseconds at best — 200 milliseconds in an ideal case, 500 milliseconds more realistically, and that’s just on a single server.
- Thus, if you want human real-time interaction, Hadoop MapReduce is not and likely never will be the way to go. Getting Hadoop MapReduce latencies under a few seconds is likely to be more trouble than it’s worth — because of MapReduce, not because of Hadoop.
- In particular — instead of incurring the overhead of starting processes up, Arun thinks low-latency needs should be met in a different way, namely by serving them from already-running processes. The examples he kept mentioning were the event processing projects Storm (out of Twitter, via an acquisition) and S4 (out of Yahoo).
| Categories: Cloudera, Hadoop, Hortonworks, MapReduce, Workload management, Yahoo | 7 Comments |
Introduction to Cloudant
Cloudant is one of the few NoSQL companies with >100 paying subscription customers. For starters:
- Cloudant’s core software is a fork of CouchDB.
- Cloudant only sells you software as a service.
- More precisely, whether Cloudant offers DBaaS (DataBase as a Service) or PaaS (Platform as a Service) or a “data layer” (Cloudant’s preferred terminology) depends on your taste in buzzwords.
- I gather that Cloudant (the company) wants to handle pretty much all your data management needs. But Cloudant (the product) isn’t there yet, especially on the analytic side.
- Before CouchDB and Membase joined together, Cloudant was positioned as the big(ger) data version of CouchDB.
Company demographics include:
- Cloudant is based in Boston.
- Cloudant started out as a Y Combinator company in 2008, and “got serious” in 2009.
- Cloudant now has ~20 employees.
- Management hires include a couple of former Vertica guys.
The Cloudant guys gave me some customer counts in May that weren’t much higher than those they gave me in February, and seem to have forgotten to correct the discrepancy. Oh well. The latter (probably understated) figures included ~160 paying customers, of which:
- ~100 were multitenant.
- ~60 were single tenant.
- 1 was on-premise (but still managed by Cloudant) because of privacy concerns.
The largest Cloudant deployments seem to be in the 10s of terabytes, across a very low double digit number of servers.
| Categories: Cloudant, Clustering, Couchbase, CouchDB, MapReduce, Market share and customer counts, NoSQL, Pricing, Specific users, Storage | 2 Comments |
Kinds of data integration and movement
“Data integration” can mean many different things, to an extent that’s impeding me from writing about the area. So I’ll start by simply laying out some of the myriad ways that data can be brought to where it is needed, and worry about other subjects later. Yes, this is a massive wall of text, and incomplete even so — but that in itself is my central point.
There are two main paradigms for data integration:
- Movement or replication — you take data from one place and copy it to another.
- Federation — you treat data in multiple different places logically as if it were all in one database.
Data movement and replication typically take one of three forms:
- Logical, transactional, or trigger-based — sending data across the wire every time an update happens, or as the result of a large-result-set query/extract, or in response to a specific request.
- Log-based — like logical replication, but driven by the transaction/update log rather than the core data management mechanism itself, so as to avoid directly overstressing the DBMS.
- Block/file-based — sending chunks of data, and expecting the target system to store them first and only make sense of them afterward.
Beyond the core functions of movement, replication, and/or federation, there are other concerns closely connected to data integration. These include:
- Transparency and emulation, e.g. via a layer of software that makes data in one format look like it’s in another. (If memory serves, this is the use case for which Larry DeBoever coined the term “middleware.”)
- Cleaning and quality — with new uses of data can come new requirements for accuracy.
- Master, reference, or canonical data —
- Archiving and information preservation — part of keeping data safe is ensuring that there are copies at various physical locations. Another part can be making it logically tamper-proof, or at least highly auditable.
In particular, the following are largely different from each other. Read more
| Categories: Clustering, Data integration and middleware, EAI, EII, ETL, ELT, ETLT, eBay, Hadoop, MapReduce | 10 Comments |
The latest privacy example — pregnant potential Target shoppers
Charles Duhigg of the New York Times wrote a very interesting article, based on a forthcoming book of his, on two related subjects:
- The force of habit on our lives, and how we can/do deal with it. (That’s the fascinating part.)
- A specific case of predictive modeling. (That’s the part that’s getting all the attention. It’s interesting too.)
The predictive modeling part is that Target determined:
- People only change their shopping habits occasionally
- One of those occasions is when they get pregnant
- Hence, it would be a Really Good Idea to market aggressively to pregnant women
and then built a marketing strategy around early indicators of a woman’s pregnancy. Read more